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What Are Water-Soluble Vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins (WSVs), encompassing the B-complex vitamins and vitamin C, represent a category of organic compounds essential for sustaining human life. They actively participate in the regulation of physiological processes within the body and serve as crucial bioactive substances for maintaining human health. Within this group, the B-complex vitamins constitute a diverse family, including vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, among others. These vitamins are collectively characterized by their functional, structural, and physicochemical similarities, all of which contain nitrogen within their chemical structures and exhibit high solubility in water. Primarily functioning in the form of coenzymes, they play pivotal roles in a multitude of intra-body substance synthesis and breakdown metabolic processes, while also maintaining close associations with blood cell formation and energy release. The classification of water-soluble vitamins thus encompasses a range of vital compounds.
| B Vitamin | Description |
|---|---|
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) | Also known as thiamine, it plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and may have a role in nerve transmission. |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | Also known as riboflavin, it acts as a coenzyme for redox enzymes and participates widely in cellular redox reactions, facilitating the metabolism of fats, sugars, and proteins. It is involved in physical energy and plays a role in vitamin B6 and niacin metabolism. |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | Also known as niacin, nicotinic acid, or vitamin PP, it is involved in lipid metabolism, tissue respiration, and anaerobic carbohydrate breakdown. Niacin is also a component of the glucose tolerance factor. |
| Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) | Also known as pantothenic acid, it is widely found in animal and plant tissues and participates in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, as well as in liver biotransformation processes. |
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) | Vitamin B6 serves as a coenzyme for various enzymes and can also terminate the action of certain steroid hormones. |
| Vitamin B7 (Biotin) | Also known as biotin or vitamin H, it is essential for fat and carbohydrate metabolism, participates in cell signaling and gene expression, biotinylates proteins, impacting cell cycle, gene transcription, and DNA repair. |
| Vitamin B9 (Folate) | Also known as folate, it is involved in cell growth and division processes, essential for DNA synthesis, red blood cell production, and various amino acid metabolism processes. It plays a vital role in cell proliferation, reproduction, hemoglobin synthesis, fetal development, and may be used to slow down the onset of Alzheimer's disease. |
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) | Also known as cobalamin, it is a vitamin containing a metal element. It is synthesized only by microorganisms and is abundant in yeast and animal livers but absent in plants. It participates in choline and phospholipid biosynthesis and plays a role in nourishing the nervous system. |
| Vitamin C | Description |
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) | Also known as ascorbic acid, it participates in various hydroxylation and redox reactions in the body and enhances the body's immune response. |
Comparison Of Vitamin Detection Methods
| Technique | Principle | Advantages |
|---|---|---|
| Liquid Chromatography | "Quantitative detection based on the unique mass attributes of the analyte;" | "High sensitivity, high specificity, high throughput, low sample volume; capable of distinguishing between vitamin D2 and D3 types;" |
| Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) | "Internationally recognized as the 'gold standard' for detecting a full spectrum of vitamins; high sensitivity, strong specificity, good accuracy; capable of simultaneously detecting the concentration levels of various vitamins with a single sample, aiding in the precise measurement of vitamin concentration changes in human blood, and assisting in the screening and diagnosis of clinical subhealth conditions." | |
| Immunoassay | "Utilizes the principle of antigen-antibody binding at specific target sites;" | "Risk of cross-reactivity between antigens and antibodies, high false positive and false negative rates; unable to distinguish between different types of vitamin D;" |
| Electrochemical Method | "Based on the polarization curve of the elution process, reflects the concentration of the analyte;" | "Low accuracy, poor repeatability, susceptible to interference; unable to distinguish between different types of vitam |
Principles of LC-MS/MS Detection of Water-Soluble Vitamins
LC-MS/MS is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles using mass analyzers. MS/MS, which stands for tandem mass spectrometry, is an analytical instrument that combines two mass analyzers within a collision chamber, often referred to as a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. In the first stage, the primary mass analyzer selects specific precursor ions with a particular mass-to-charge ratio from the ionized sample. These precursor ions then enter the collision chamber and undergo collision-induced dissociation to form fragment ions. In the second stage, the secondary mass analyzer selects specific quantitative and qualitative product ions with high specificity. These product ions are subsequently monitored by a detector, resulting in the determination of the target analyte's content.
Every precursor/product ion pair is denominated as an ion pair, and only compounds harboring distinct ion pairs are eligible for detection by the MS/MS system. Consequently, MS/MS demonstrates remarkable detection specificity. Additionally, mass spectrometry techniques possess the distinctive capability to concurrently oversee numerous ion channels through the utilization of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). This implies that even when confronted with elevated background signals stemming from endogenous substances, the accurate detection of target analytes can be accomplished by simultaneous monitoring of two ion fragmentation channels.
| Water-soluble Vitamins Quantified in Our Service | ||
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) | Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | Vitamin B3 (Niacin) |
| Vitamin B3-amide (Niacinamide) | Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) | Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) |
| Vitamin B7 (Biotin) | Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) | Vitamin B12 (Cobalamins) |
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) | ||
Sample Requirements
Plant Tissues: 1g/sample
Animal and Clinical Tissue Specimens: 200 mg/sample
Serum and Plasma: 200 μL/sample
Urine: 1 mL/sample
Cells and Microorganisms: 1X 10^7 cells/sample
Feces and Intestinal Contents: 200 mg/sample
Technical Advantages
Our company offers a single injection quantitative determination of multiple water-soluble vitamins. This method provides strong specificity, high sensitivity, and reliable stability.
Detection Platform
Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Agilent 1290-6470
Sciex QTRAP 6500+
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With integrated set of separation, characterization, identification and quantification systems featured with excellent robustness & reproducibility, high and ultra-sensitivity, Creative Proteomics provides reliable, rapid and cost-effective water-soluble vitamins targeted metabolomics services.
Title: Amino Acids, B Vitamins, and Choline May Independently and Collaboratively Influence the Incidence and Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Journal: Nutrients
Published: 2022
Abstract:
Nutritional status plays a crucial role in the incidence and severity of core symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This article presents a peer-reviewed study that assesses the relationship between amino acids, choline, B vitamins, and the incidence and severity of ASD symptoms. Adequate intake of B vitamins, such as vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate, is critically important for preventing behavioral and cognitive impairments.
The interrelationship between choline, B vitamins, amino acids, and important neurotransmitters in ASD.
Title: B Vitamins and Their Roles in Gut Health
Journal: Microorganisms
Published: 2022
Abstract:
This study explores the functional roles and biosynthesis of B vitamins and how they impact the growth and proliferation of gut microbiota. It elucidates the mechanisms by which intestinal bacteria synthesize vitamins and discusses the effects of B vitamin deficiency on gut morphology, inflammation, and its implications for intestinal diseases.
A schematic illustration listing the bacteria that can synthesize B vitamins and the effects of B vitamin deficiencies on gut health.
References
- Jennings, L.; Basiri, R. Amino Acids, B Vitamins, and Choline May Independently and Collaboratively Influence the Incidence and Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2896.
- Hossain, K.S.; Amarasena, S.; Mayengbam, S. B Vitamins and Their Roles in Gut Health. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 1168.